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    • 专利摘要:

    公开号:SE1400364A1
    申请号:SE1400364
    申请日:2014-07-22
    公开日:2016-01-23
    发明作者:Ulf Johanson
    申请人:Hjelm Elsie；Ulf Johanson；
    IPC主号:
    专利说明:

    15 20 25 30 One of reasons conventional diesel engines release more soot than their conventional gasoline counterparts has to do with the way fuel is injected and ignited: on gas engines, fuel is injected during the intake stroke and ignited with a spark; on diesels, fuel is injected during the compression stroke, and the fuel ignites spontaneously from the pressure. As a result, gas engines have two emissions advantages: The ignition process is more carefully controlled and the air and fuel are more thoroughly mixed before ignition occurs, thereby reducing the amount of unburned fuel. In a conventional diesel, fuel is injected late in the cycle and the air is not as well mixed as in a gasoline engine. As a result of this less homogeneously mixed fuel and air, there are fuel-dense pockets in the combustion chamber. The consequence is that diesel engine exhaust contains incompletely burned fuel (soot) known as particulate matter.
    But new engine standards alone are not enough to protect the public from diesel pollution. New standards for diesel engines will be slowly phased in over the next 10 years. Plus, the durability of diesel engines means that older, high-polluting vehicles can continue to operate for decades. Diesel soot emissions are furthered by the fuel itself, as today's conventional diesel fuel contains significantly more sulfur than does gasoline.
    The soot in your neighborhood may be different than the soot in someone else's hometown, but no matter the source and type, soot can present a serious health threat. As previously mentioned, soot particles either come directly from the tailpipe. or can be formed when tailpipe emissions of NOx and SOx react with atmospheric agents. Once formed, soot comes in many sizes, though all just a fraction of the width of a human hair, from coarse PM (less than 10 microns in diameter) to fine PM (less than 2.5 microns) to ultra Ne PM (less than 0.1 microns). Most soot is in the Ne and ultra Ne categories, with ultra fine particles making up 80-95 ° / ° of soot.
    Ultra Ne particles are the most dangerous, however, as they are small enough to 10 15 20 25 30 penetrate the cells of the lungs. Soot particles can have an environmental lifetime of one to three weeks, and they can travel long distances, journeying to communities in far regions. Soot particles have even been found at the South Pole, where no major emission source exists for thousands of miles.
    The diesel industry is constantly innovating new solutions to clean up existing diesel engines that run for millions of miles. Employing emissions control systems and devices, owners of diesel products are able to make the most out of their investment in diesel technology. ln a white handkerchief test, a demonstration a white handkerchief remains clean even when held in front of an exhaust pipe.
    High Efficiency Diesel Particulate Filters (DPFs) High efficiency diesel particulate filter (DPF) removes PM in diesel exhaust by oiling exhaust from the engine. The Lter systems can reduce PM emissions by 80 to greater than 90 percent.
    Wall-Flow Diesel Particulate Filter High efficiency Lters are effective in controlling the carbon fraction of the particulate, the portion that some health experts believe may be the PM component of the greatest concern.
    Since the volume of particulate matter generated by a diesel engine is suf Cient to Ll up and plug a reasonably sized Lter over time, some means of disposing of this trapped particulate must be provided. The most promising means of disposal is to burn or oxidize the particulate in the Lter, thus regenerating, or cleansing, the Lter.
    This is accomplished through the use of a catalyst placed either in front of the Lter or applied directly on the Lter, a fuel-borne catalyst, or burners which are used to oxidize or combust the collected particulate.
    Flow-Through Filters Flow-through filters technology is a relatively new method of reducing diesel PM 10 15 20 25 30 emissions that unlike a high efficiency DPF, does not physically "trap" and accumulate PM. instead, exhaust ows typically through a catalyzed wire mesh or a sintered metal sheet that includes a torturous ow path, giving rise to turbulent flow conditions. Any particles that are not oxidized within the Ow-through filter flow out with the rest of the exhaust. So far, there have been limited commercial use of the Ow-through filters but there is an increasing interest in this technology due to its ability to significantly reduce PM emissions from older, "dirtier" diesel engines.
    Flow-through systems are capable of achieving PM reduction of about 30 to 70 percent.
    Diesel Oxidation Catalysts (DOCs) Like catalytic converters already used on all new gasoline vehicles, diesel oxidation catalysts (DOCs) cause chemical reactions to reduce emissions without being consumed and without any moving parts.
    The exhausts of engines share similar physical and chemical Characteristics with airborne materials from many sources. This makes it difficult to quantify the portion of an individual's exposure from the general environment that derives directly from engine exhausts and also complicates assessment of occupational exposures to engine exhausts.
    A "diesel particulate Lter" ', sometimes called a "DPF"', is device designed to remove diesel particulate matter or soot from the exhaust gas of a diesel engine, most of which are rated at 85% ef Ciency, but often attaining ef ciencies of over 90%. A diesel-powered vehicle with a lter installed will emit no visible smoke from its exhaust pipe, as> 99% have a particle size of less than 1 um (visible particles have a size of more than 30 pm). ln addition to collecting the particulate, a method must be designed to get rid of it.
    Some Lters are single use (disposable), while others are designed to burn off the 10 15 20 25 30 accumulated particulate, either through the use of a catalyst (passive), or through an active technology, such as a fuel burner which heats the lter to soot combustion temperatures, or through engine modi cations (the engine is set to run a certain speci c way when the lter load reaches a pre-determined level, either to heat the exhaust gasses, or to produce high amounts of nitrogen oxide, N02, which will oxidize the particulates at relatively low temperatures). This procedure is known as " Lter regeneration." Fuel sulfur interferes with many "Regeneration" strategies, so almost all jurisdictions that are interested in the reduction of particulate emissions, are also passing regulations governing fuel sulfur levels. Particulate Lters have been in use on non-road machines since 1980, and in automobiles since 1996.
    Diesel engines during combustion of the fuel / air mix produce a variety of particles generically classi Ed as diesel particulate matter due to incomplete combustion. The composition of the particles varies widely depending on engine type, age, and the emissions speci Cation that the engine was designed to meet, two-stroke diesel engines produce more particulate per horsepower output than do four-stroke diesel engines, as they less completely combust the fuel-air mix.
    While no jurisdiction has made Lters mandatory, the increasingly stringent emissions regulations that engine manufactures must meet mean that eventually all on-road diesel engines will be Tted with them. Neither the American 2007 heavy truck engine emissions regulations or the European Union 2007 automobile regulations can be met without Lters. PSA Peugeot was the first company to make them standard on passenger cars, in anticipation of future Euro V regulations.
    Unlike a catalytic converter which is an ow-through device, a DPF cleans exhaust gas by forcing the gas to ow through the filter. There are a variety of diesel particulate Lter technologies on the market. Each is designed around similar requirements: # Fine Ltration # Minimum pressure drop # Low cost 10 15 20 25 30 # Mass production suitability # Product durability Cordierite wall Ow filters The most common Lter is made of cordierite (a ceramic material that is also used as catalytic converter supports (= cores)). Cordierite Lters provide excellent Ltration ef Ciency, are (relatively) inexpensive, and have thermal properties that make packaging them for installation in the vehicle simple. The major drawback is that cordierite has a relatively low melting point (about 1200 ° C) and cordierite substrates have been known to melt down during filter regeneration. This is mostly an issue if the Lter has become loaded more heavily than usual, and is more of an issue with passive systems than with active systems, unless there is systems break down.
    Cordierite Lter cores look like catalytic converter cores that have had alternate channels plugged - the plugs force the exhaust gas Ow through the wall and the particulate collects on the inlet face.
    Silicon carbide wall Ow Lters The second most popular Lter material is silicon carbide, or SiC. lt has a higher (1700 ° C) melting point than cordierite, however it is not as stable thermally, making packaging an issue. Small SiC cores are made of single pieces, while larger cores are made into segments, which are separated by special cement so that heat expansion of the core will be taken up by the cement, and not the package. SiC cores are usually more expensive than cordierite cores, however they are manufactured in similar sizes, and one can often be used to replace the other.
    Silicon carbide Lter cores also look like catalytic converter cores that have alternate channels plugged - again the plugs force the exhaust gas flow through the wall and the particulate collects on the inlet face. Metal Bre Ow through filters Some cores are made from metal Bres - generally the Bres are "woven" into a monolith. Such cores have the advantage that a current can be passed through the 10 15 20 25 30 monolith to heat the core for regeneration purposes. Metal fiber cores tend to be more expensive than cordierite or silicon carbide cores, and generally not interchangeable with them.
    Partial filters There are a variety of devices that produce over 50% particulate matter Ltration, but less than 85%. Partial Lters come in a variety of materials. The only commonality between them is that they produce more back pressure than a catalytic converter, and less than a diesel particulate Lter. Partial filter technology is popular for retrofit.
    Filter usage A properly designed filter will have little effect on fuel usage, however improper installation can be catastrophic, which is why automobile and truck engine manufacturers have avoided the use of filter technology until now. lt was first offered as standard by the French manufacturer PSA Peugeot Citroen in early 2000, and has been a huge success.
    Maintenance Filters require more maintenance than catalytic converters. Engine oil ash builds up on the surface of the inlet face of the Lter, and will eventually clog the pores. This increases the pressure drop over the Lter, which when it reaches 100 inches of water or higher is capable of causing engine damage. Regular maintenance is a necessity.
    Regeneration Regeneration is the process of removing the accumulated soot from the Lter. This is done either passively (by adding a catalyst to the filter) or actively. On-board active Lter management can use a variety of strategies, such as engine management to increase exhaust temperature, fuel burner to increase exhaust temperature, catalytic oxidizer to increase exhaust temperature, resistive heating coils to increase exhaust temperature, microwave energy to increase the exhaust 10 15 20 25 30 temperature All on-board active systems use extra fuel, whether by burning to heat the DPF, or providing extra power to the DPF's electrical system. Typically a computer monitors one or more sensors that measure back pressure and / or temperature, and based on preprogrammed set points the computer makes decisions on when to activate the regeneration cycle. The additional fuel can be supplied by a metering pump. Running the cycle too often while keeping the back pressure in the exhaust system low, will use extra fuel. The reverse runs risk of engine damage and / or uncontrolled regeneration and possible DPF failure. Quality regeneration software is a necessity for longevity of the active DPF system.
    SE-C-513 391 discloses a device for complete combustion of solid fuels and comprises two combustion chambers joined together, of which one is a combustion chamber for drying and gasi Cation of the fuel and the second one is an Nal combustion chamber for combustion of the gasi ed fuel and whereby a ceramic lter is arranged as a partition wall between the chambers, which lter allows the gasi ed fuel to pass through but blocks remaining solid substance to pass into the nal combustion chamber and whereby the combustion gas is forced to pass the ceramic lter whereby the combustion temperature is raised to a suitable combustion temperature. This device is meant to replace a conventional furnace.
    NO-C-131,325 relates to a device for separating solid particles from a gas stream by direct the gas from a source to a mixing chamber where a mixture of steam and atomized liquid droplets are introduced under such conditions that the liquid droplets are accelerated to a speed of at least 60 m / s over the inlet speed, whereby solid particles are caught by the liquid droplets, whereby a subpressure is obtained in the mixing chamber. The invention is thereby related to a ration between steam and atomized droplets. 10 15 20 25 30 US-A-6,019,819 relates to a device catching a condensate, which condensate contains oil and other hydrocarbons from food processing, such as French frying potatoes.
    WO 99/56854 relates to a process for separating particles from a Ow of hot gas whereby the relative humidity is primarily increased to almost saturation, then gas and particles are cooled adiabatically so that water condenses upon the particles whereupon the particle containing water is separated off.
    EP-A-0 1 10 438 relates to a process and a device for purification of particle containing gas by means of condensation of water onto the particles in the gas and a separation of water droplets comprising particles.
    WO 2009/051547 relates to a device for the elimination of particles from gaseous media, characterized by comprising a first pass-way having a Rst inlet for gaseous medium comprising minute particulate material, a means compressing the said gaseous medium bringing the fraction containing said particulate material to a return pass-way bringing said particles contained in the fraction of particulate material into agglomeration, a collecting means for collecting said agglomerated particles, a particle withdrawing means to eliminate said collected agglomerated particles, as well as those already being large, and a particular puri ed gas outlet. ln a preferred embodiment of WO 2009/051547 the means comprises a series of congruent open truncated cones of subsequently smaller diameters ending in a return pass-way bringing said particles contained in the fraction of particulate material into agglomeration.
    US 6,056,798 relates to a separator for eliminating particles from a gas flow comprising a series of cylindrical tubes having decreasing diameter, each tube part having a truncated cone part overlapping a distance between the tube parts, whereby the truncated cones having a decreasing angle to the longitudinal direction of the cylindrical tubes. The interspaces between the tube parts are arranged for 10 15 20 25 30 10 letting gaseous medium out.
    The distribution of particles derived from a diesel engine is quite wide. Thus they range all the way from nuclei mode (10 nm) to coarse mode 10000 nm), whereby the large mass of particles is concentrated around 100 nm.
    However, there is a great demand for a completion of existing particles removing systems to reduce emissions of toxic particulates from in particular diesel engines, either mobile or stationary, as well as a complete cleansing of ventilation air. ln particular particles having a size of less than 50 nm, more speci cally less than 10 nm, still more speci cally down to 1 nm or less, are of interest to be removed.
    Nothing in the prior art discussed above can provide this.
    Summary of the present invention The present invention relates to a device for the elimination of particles from gaseous media, characterized in that the means for agglomeration of particles consists of a perforated conical structure being arranged to let a gaseous media pass from the cone bottom and inside the cone wall to the outside of the cone wall via said perforations while any particulate matter is agglomerated inside the cone and collected at the apex of the cone from where said matter is removed and disposed.
    The term conical structure means any solid or woven cone in accordance with the parameters given below. Thus a conical structure can be a cone of solid metal or a cone made of metal threads, a so called screen sheet. Screen sheets may have a mesh size in the range of 5.0 - 0.008 mm, and an open area of 25% - 78%.
    The device of the invention it is arranged for agglomeration and collection of particles having a paiticle size less than 1 um, preferably less than 0.5 um, more preferably less than 0.3 um, further more preferably less than 0.2 um, even down to 10 15 20 25 30 11 10 nm or less, which particles after agglomeration have a particle size of at least 15 um, preferably 10 um, more preferably 6 um or less, whereby that the device further catches and makes the agglomerated particles subject to an elimination. ln a further aspect of the invention it relates to a method for the elimination of particles from gaseous media, characterized by passing said gaseous media into a means for agglomeration of particles consisting of perforated conical structure being arranged to let a gaseous media pass from the cone bottom and inside the cone wall to the outside of the cone wall via said perforations while any particulate matter is agglomerated inside the cone and collected at the apex of the cone from where said matter is removed and disposed.
    The term minute particle refers to particles having a size of less than 0.2 um.
    Detailed description of the present invention The present invention will now be described in more detail with reference to the accompanying drawing, however, without being restricted to this or the embodiment being related thereto, in which drawing FIG. 1 shows a schematic longitudinal cross-sectional view of an embodiment of the invention for treating a particle containing gaseous medium consisting of a conical structure made of solid metal in general; ln the following in operation exhaust gases containing particles to be separated off are passed into an inlet 11 of a pass-way 1 placed in a tube 6 and the gases are represented by the open arrows marked with black dotes. Pass-way 1 is the open bottom of a perforated cone 2 where the point or apex 3 of the cone ends in a hollow tube 4 connected to a vacuum source. The cone 2 is perforated in such a way that 20 to 70%, preferably 20 to 60% of the cone surface is perforated with holes 5, which from a production point of view are preferably circular. ln an embodiment in a ventilation air channel the perforations have a diameter of 3 mm 10 15 20 25 30 12 and are placed at a distance of 3 mm from each other. This gives a perforation area of 23%. The cone 2 is placed in a tube 6 leading to an outlet 7, from where a cleansed exhaust gas or ventilation air is further distributed.
    The function of the device of the present invention is as follows: The exhaust gas or ventilation air is passed into the bottom of the cone 2 whereby the gas or air is ventilated out through the perforations, while any particles will collide with the inside of the wall of the cone 2 and pass into the apex 3 from where they are sucked into the tube 4 by means of the vacuum source. When particles of extremely small dimensions are pressed together in the conical space, they will agglomerate together to form larger particles which are then collected in the vacuum source.
    The base or bottom diameter of the cone relative to the length of the cone is preferably 1: 2, more preferably 1: 5 to 1:10.
    Tests made show that elimination of particles to a high extent will occur even at 40 and 50% perforation area of the cone wall.
    A test made with a perforation of 39% using a perforated screen made by metal yarns show good results as to agglomerate and collect minute particles. The screen tested was an 80 mesh screen (80 threads per inch), and having a mesh opening diameter of 0.20 mm, and the thread having a diameter of 0.12 mm.
    Further, tests made show that the pressure drop is only 30 Pa at an air Ow of 40 liters per second when there is a perforation of 23% (3 mm circular holes disposed 3 mm from each other).
    During the compression of the cross section at the conical parts minute particles will become agglomerated into particles having a size of 10 microns or more. Solid arrows will indicate pass-ways of the particles separated off. Open arrows without any black dotes indicate cleaned air Ows freed from particles. 10 15 20 25 13 The present invention will work within a large range of diameters of the ingoing tube, i.e., in exhaust pipes of gasoline and diesel engines to ventilation tubes in larger buildings.
    The embodiments shown disclose conical parts, cones of truncated cones, but, however, the form of these de Ecting parts is not of importance but they may be parts of tetrahedrons, pentahedrons, hexahedrons, etc.
    The present invention is used for eliminating particles from gaseous media including smoke and exhaust gases as well as air, such as ventilation air, whereby in the latter case microscopic particles, such as allergens, bacteria and virus can be eliminated, and air of combustion comprising a lot of ground and soil derived particles. The agglomerated particles can be disposed of as such or be analyzed with regard to their contents of singe constituents.
    权利要求:
    Claims (1)
    [1]
    1. A device for the elimination of particles present in gases, such as smoke and 10 15 20 25 30 exhaust gases, in particular diesel engine exhaust gases and particles related to ventilation air by agglomerating said particles, characterized in that means for agglomeration of particles consists of a perforated conical structure (2) being arranged to let a gaseous media pass from the cone bottom (1) and inside the cone wall to the outside of the cone wall via said perforations (5) while any particulate matter is agglomerated inside the cone and collected at the apex (3) of the cone from where said matter is removed and disposed. . Device according to claim 1, wherein 20 to 70%, preferably 20 to 60% of the surface of the conical structure is perforated with holes (5). . Device according to claim 1, wherein particles having a particle size less than 1 um, preferably less than 0.5 um, more preferably less than 0.3 um, further more preferably less than 0.2 um, even down to 10 nm or less are agglomerated and collected, which particles after agglomeration have a particle size of at least 15 um, preferably 10 um, more preferably 6 um or less, whereby that the device further catches and makes the agglomerated particles subject to an elimination. . Method for the elimination of particles from a gaseous medium, characterized in passing said gaseous media into a means for agglomeration of particles consisting of a perforated conical structure (2) being arranged to let a gaseous media pass from the bottom (1) of the conical structure (2) and inside the cone wall to the outside of the cone wall via said perforations (5) while any particulate matter is agglomerated inside the cone under deflection to its apex (3) and collected at the apex of the cone from where said matter is removed and disposed. 10 15. A method according to claim 4, wherein the agglomerated particles are transferred into a collector (4) of the said agglomerated particles. . A method according to claim 4, wherein the agglomerated particles are sucked away for disposal and / or analysis.
    类似技术:
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    同族专利:
    公开号 | 公开日
    WO2016013966A1|2016-01-28|
    SE538662C2|2016-10-11|
    引用文献:
    公开号 | 申请日 | 公开日 | 申请人 | 专利标题
    CA504241A|1954-07-13|Blomen Torsten|Method of separating solid particles|
    US2506273A|1946-02-22|1950-05-02|Linderoths Patenter Ab|Particle separator|
    US2876862A|1955-10-03|1959-03-10|Battelle Memorial Institute|Dust separator|
    WO2009051547A1|2007-08-24|2009-04-23|Elsie Maria Hjelm|Device and method for elimination of particles from gaseous media|
    WO2013158007A1|2012-04-20|2013-10-24|Ulf Johanson|Device and method for elimination of particles from gaseous media|
    法律状态:
    优先权:
    申请号 | 申请日 | 专利标题
    SE1400364A|SE538662C2|2014-07-22|2014-07-22|Method for elimination of particles from gaseous media|SE1400364A| SE538662C2|2014-07-22|2014-07-22|Method for elimination of particles from gaseous media|
    PCT/SE2015/000046| WO2016013966A1|2014-07-22|2015-07-15|Device and method for elimination of particles from gaseous media|
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